Saving Old, Well-Adapted Breeds of Livestock Before They Become Extinct

ScienceDaily (Feb. 17, 2008) — Phil Sponenberg, professor of pathology and genetics in the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, has spent more than 30 years working to make sure certain living pieces of history — some dating to the 15th century — don’t become extinct.

Sponenberg's brand of living history comes in the form of various rare strains of livestock, which were involved in events like Christopher Columbus’ discovery of the Caribbean Islands and the Spanish conquest of the Americas.

Sponenberg’s involvement began with Choctaw horses when he was a college student, and has spread to other kinds of animals through the years. Ancestors of Choctaw horses, Colonial Spanish horses were brought to the Caribbean Islands by Columbus and to Mexico by Hernándo Cortés. The horses were stolen from Mexico and rapidly traded north by Pueblo Indians.

These horses were noted by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark during their expedition to explore the Pacific Northwest. In fact, the Spanish influence extended up to the Carolinas, across the Gulf Coast, and throughout the West.

“The Choctaws were one of the tribes displaced from Mississippi, and they took their livestock with them,” Sponenberg says.

The breeding stock has dispersed and not everyone can recognize a rare breed when they have one. Sponenberg received a call about a short horse that was about to be gelded. It turned out that the small horse, Icki, was a Choctaw. “Icki was the end of his bloodline,” says Sponenberg, who was able to buy the stallion and return him to a small herd to sire more Choctaw horses.

Sponenberg has also identified another group of the Spanish horses still in the South — “Marsh Tacky” horses, which were used to manage cattle and to chase wild hogs across swampy terrain.

Another Spanish livestock breed Sponenberg has run across in his travels is South Pineywoods cattle — also known as Florida Cracker Cattle. Small, rugged, horned, heat-tolerant, and disease-resistant, “these cattle are exquisitely adapted to this environment,” Sponenberg says. They are also long-lived and productive.

Through the years, Sponenberg has also found more Spanish horses, cotton patch geese, old Spanish goats, and some locally adapted Spanish sheep.

In fact, Sponenberg himself is the owner of a Choctaw horse, and he raises Tennessee myotonic (fainting) goats. The goats are from two old lines from New Braunfels, Texas.

Saving rare breeds

Sponenberg says he loves field work — discovering a new pocket of preserved livestock, making friends, and working with the people who manage the animals. His success, he says, is a result of the friendships and interest he has created — but also because of the strategies he has developed through scientific research.

Along the way, Sponenberg has done work and published strategies specific to rare breeds conservation, documentation, and genetic management.

Now, the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy is providing technical support for recapturing certain animals for pure breeding. The Bureau of Land Management contacts him to identify Spanish-type horses in wild herds to help the bureau conserve the horses.

Sponenberg stays connected with conservation efforts and affiliations and works to establish new relationships. He has collaborated with the American Livestock Breeds Conservancy since 1978, and with Iberian researchers since the early 1990s.

As a result of his work, several new strains of horses have been added and excluded through detailed blood typing or DNA typing.

About other rare breeds:

Pineywoods Cattle:

.....remain from the earliest days of Spanish control of what is now the southeastern United States
.....usefulness to local populations as sources of meat, milk, hides, and oxen persists today

Cotton Patch Geese:

.....used extensively to weed cotton fields in the early 1900s
.....avidly consume grassy weeds and leave alone broad-leaved plants like cotton

Pine Tacky saddle horses:

.....local Spanish-type horses, found in the deep South
only three have been discovered and identified to date

Gulf Coast or Native sheep:

.....adapted descendants of old family flocks from the coastal deep South
trace back to an Iberian origin and are now being registered by the Gulf Coast Native Sheep Alliance

A Boer Goat Descendent (sic).

Local goats:

.....Nearly extinct, largely due to crossbreeding to the imported Boer goat
.....identified strains are exquisitely adapted to the local area

Swine:

.....remnants of an old Iberian type, usually black or grey in color, and poorly muscled
.....historically desired as a source of lard and cured meat
.....often earnotched, several have fused toes (mulefoot) and wattles (fleshy appendages) on the neck

This is a particular passion of mine. The old breeds of livestock were (and are) adapted to the area in which they lived, could eat the local grasses, were resistant to disease, and could raise their progeny without assistance. They also taste good. For anybody that wishes to raise their own food, I strongly advise them to search out the old, endangered breeds. The latest super duper strain of layers for the huge poultry houses may give you many eggs, but will not be keeping your landscape bug free while supplementing her diet. (And for those of you who do not know, egg yolks should be a bright reddish orange in color (about the color of the sun when I post the no sunspots today picture), not the anemic yellow I've seen in store eggs.

The old lard-type hogs I used to grow (see mulefoot picture at top) were friendly, docile, happily shared the barn with nesting ducks and chickens, and had the best tasting bacon I've ever eaten.

Every house doesn't need a cow that gives 10 gallons of milk a day. A smaller pastured cow that grazed a good portion of her feed would be fine. A dual-purpose miniature cow such as a Dexter would probably work well.